Cumulative Chapter Test

1. [Unit 10] A reservoir is:

1. A stored quantity of matter or energy
2. A transfer rate only
3. Always a lake
4. A feedback

2. [Unit 10] A negative feedback:

1. Amplifies an initial change
2. Opposes part of an initial change
3. Eliminates all change
4. Is always harmful

3. [Unit 10] S waves support a liquid outer core because they:

1. Measure age directly
2. Travel fastest in liquids
3. Do not propagate through liquids
4. Only occur at the surface

4. [Unit 10] Transform boundaries mainly involve:

1. Crust creation only
2. Subduction only
3. No earthquakes
4. Lateral plate motion

5. [Unit 10] Which pathway is possible?

1. Sedimentary rock melting and later crystallizing as igneous rock
2. Only one fixed sequence
3. Igneous rock never weathering
4. Metamorphic rock forming only at the surface

6. [Unit 10] Weathering differs from erosion because weathering:

1. Requires rivers
2. Breaks material down in place
3. Always transports sediment
4. Occurs only chemically

7. [Unit 10] P=90, ET=35, runoff=40 mm. Δstorage is:

1. 165 mm
2. 5 mm
3. 15 mm
4. 55 mm

8. [Unit 10] Groundwater is stored mainly in:

1. A single global underground river
2. Clouds
3. The inner core
4. Pores and fractures

9. [Unit 10] Why define a system boundary?

1. To identify included reservoirs, transfers, inputs, and outputs
2. To prove the system is isolated
3. To remove uncertainty
4. To make every model exact

10. [Unit 10] Which unit is appropriate for a flux?

1. degrees
2. kg/year
3. kg only
4. metres only

11. [Unit 10] A 240 g rock occupies 80 cm³. Density is:

1. 19,200 g/cm³
2. 0.33 g/cm³
3. 3.0 g/cm³
4. 160 g/cm³

12. [Unit 10] P arrives at 12 s and S at 21 s. S–P lag is:

1. 12 s
2. 21 s
3. 33 s
4. 9 s

13. [Unit 10] One station’s S–P lag gives:

1. A distance estimate only
2. Exact latitude and longitude
3. Earthquake magnitude only
4. Fault depth exactly

14. [Unit 10] Convection is driven by:

1. Magnetic poles alone
2. Density differences and gravity with energy transfer
3. Only sound waves
4. No material motion

15. [Unit 10] A continental rift is associated with:

1. Collision only
2. No tectonics
3. Divergence
4. Transform motion

16. [Unit 10] Oceanic lithosphere commonly subducts because it is:

1. Always younger than continental crust
2. Liquid
3. Made only of granite
4. Relatively dense

17. [Unit 10] Oxidation of iron-bearing minerals is:

1. Chemical weathering
2. Physical erosion
3. Deposition
4. Melting

18. [Unit 10] Deposition occurs when:

1. Gravity disappears
2. Transport capacity decreases
3. Weathering stops globally
4. Water becomes pure

19. [Unit 10] P=120, ET=55, runoff=45 mm. Storage change is:

1. 220 mm
2. 10 mm
3. 20 mm
4. 65 mm

20. [Unit 10] Which generally promotes infiltration?

1. Continuous pavement
2. Compacted surface only
3. A sealed roof
4. Permeable soil and vegetation

21. [Unit 11] Day and night result from:

1. Earth’s rotation
2. Earth’s orbit only
3. The Moon’s phases
4. The Sun orbiting Earth daily

22. [Unit 11] Ordinary lunar phases are caused by:

1. Earth’s shadow covering the Moon
2. Changing viewing geometry of the Moon’s sunlit half
3. Cloud cover
4. The Moon producing different amounts of light

23. [Unit 11] Which unit is most useful for nearby stellar distances?

1. Pascal
2. Kilogram
3. Light-year
4. Ampere

24. [Unit 11] If light travel time is 500 s and c=3.0×10⁸ m/s, distance is:

1. 6.0×10⁵ m
2. 1.67×10⁻⁶ m
3. 1.5×10⁶ m
4. 1.5×10¹¹ m

25. [Unit 11] Gravity in an orbit primarily changes:

1. Velocity direction and sometimes magnitude
2. Mass into charge
3. Time into distance
4. The object’s chemical identity

26. [Unit 11] Planetary systems form from:

1. Black holes exclusively
2. Rotating disks of gas and dust around young stars
3. Only shattered planets
4. Empty space without matter

27. [Unit 11] The photosphere is:

1. A planet
2. The solar-system boundary
3. The Sun’s visible surface layer
4. The fusion core

28. [Unit 11] Auroras are linked to:

1. Lunar eclipses
2. Ocean tides only
3. Asteroid mining
4. Charged particles interacting with Earth’s magnetic environment and atmosphere

29. [Unit 11] Earth’s west-to-east rotation makes the sky appear to move:

1. East to west
2. North to south only
3. West to east
4. Without any pattern

30. [Unit 11] When a hemisphere tilts toward the Sun, it generally receives:

1. Lower solar angle and shorter days
2. Higher solar angle and longer days
3. No sunlight
4. The same day length everywhere

31. [Unit 11] A full Moon occurs when:

1. Earth’s shadow always covers the Moon
2. The Moon emits maximum light
3. The Moon is approximately opposite the Sun in Earth’s sky
4. The Moon is between Earth and the Sun

32. [Unit 11] Using 1 ly=9.46×10¹⁵ m, 2 ly is:

1. 9.46×10¹⁷ m
2. 2 m
3. 4.73×10¹⁵ m
4. 1.892×10¹⁶ m

33. [Unit 11] Time for light to travel 9.0×10¹⁰ m at 3.0×10⁸ m/s is:

1. 300 s
2. 3000 s
3. 2.7×10¹⁹ s
4. 30 s

34. [Unit 11] A circular path has r=1.0×10⁷ m and T=2.0×10⁴ s. Average speed is closest to:

1. 314 m/s
2. 3140 m/s
3. 31,400 m/s
4. 6.28×10¹¹ m/s

35. [Unit 11] For a circular orbit, velocity is approximately:

1. Outward with no acceleration
2. Zero
3. Tangential while acceleration points inward
4. Inward while acceleration is tangential

36. [Unit 11] A shared orbital plane is evidence consistent with:

1. Independent random capture of every planet
2. No gravity
3. A stationary cloud with no angular momentum
4. Formation from a flattened rotating disk

37. [Unit 11] The inner planets are generally:

1. Smaller and rocky
2. Larger and mostly hydrogen/helium
3. All dwarf planets
4. Made only of ice

38. [Unit 11] Fusion in the Sun’s core primarily converts:

1. Light into matter only
2. Hydrogen into helium
3. Iron into hydrogen
4. Oxygen into carbon dioxide

39. [Unit 11] Which method is acceptable?

1. Unfiltered camera viewfinder
2. Smoked glass
3. Certified solar filter used exactly as designed under supervision
4. Sunglasses with binoculars

40. [Unit 11] An emission line occurs when:

1. All wavelengths are absorbed equally
2. A planet blocks a star
3. A telescope loses focus
4. Atoms or ions emit photons at characteristic wavelengths

41. [Unit 12] A good need statement should:

1. Describe users and desired improvement without assuming a solution
2. Exclude affected communities
3. Avoid measurable outcomes
4. Embed one required technology

42. [Unit 12] A stakeholder is:

1. Only the paying customer
2. Anyone affected by, using, maintaining, governing, or deciding about the system
3. Only the engineer
4. Only a regulator

43. [Unit 12] A criterion should be:

1. Changed after results to favor a design
2. Identical to a constraint
3. Measurable when possible
4. Hidden from reviewers

44. [Unit 12] A budget cap is usually:

1. A scientific law
2. A test result
3. A feedback loop
4. A constraint

45. [Unit 12] A baseline records:

1. Conditions before the intervention
2. Only the final design
3. A marketing claim
4. The preferred future without evidence

46. [Unit 12] Weighted scores are most useful when:

1. Scores are invented after selection
2. Weights and scoring evidence are transparent
3. Hard constraints are ignored
4. Only one concept exists

47. [Unit 12] Why generate several concepts?

1. To eliminate constraints
2. To delay all decisions forever
3. To reduce premature fixation and enable combination of strong features
4. To avoid science

48. [Unit 12] A biological analogy is:

1. A patent automatically
2. Always sustainable
3. Proof the design will work
4. A source of hypotheses requiring engineering tests

49. [Unit 12] Which is the best need statement?

1. Residents need safer household water treatment that is affordable, maintainable, and locally serviceable
2. Use ultraviolet LEDs because they are modern
3. Purchase the most expensive filter
4. Build a solar purifier immediately

50. [Unit 12] A system boundary should identify:

1. No exclusions
2. Included processes and important exchanges
3. Only the product color
4. A universal solution

51. [Unit 12] Which is measurable?

1. Should feel better
2. Must be innovative
3. Remove at least 95% of the specified test particles
4. Should be popular

52. [Unit 12] Which is not negotiable?

1. Highest possible score
2. Preferred blue color
3. Optional decorative feature
4. No exposed sharp edge during normal use

53. [Unit 12] Weights 0.50, 0.30, and 0.20 sum to:

1. 1.00
2. 1.20
3. 0.50
4. 0.80

54. [Unit 12] Scores 6, 8, 9 with weights 0.5, 0.3, 0.2 give:

1. 6.6
2. 7.2
3. 7.8
4. 8.4

55. [Unit 12] A concept violates the maximum mass constraint. Correct action:

1. Report it as compliant
2. Select it if weighted score is high
3. Reject or redesign it before ranking as feasible
4. Delete the mass constraint after testing

56. [Unit 12] A ranking that reverses under very small reasonable weight changes is:

1. A physical law
2. Free of value judgments
3. Highly robust
4. Sensitive and should be reported cautiously

57. [Unit 12] Trials 12, 13, 14, 15 have mean:

1. 13.5
2. 14
3. 54
4. 13

58. [Unit 12] Trials 12, 13, 14, 15 have range:

1. 2
2. 3
3. 13.5
4. 15

59. [Unit 12] Baseline energy 100 kWh, redesign 70 kWh; lower is better. Improvement:

1. 70%
2. 15%
3. 30%
4. 43%

60. [Unit 12] 17 successes in 20 trials equals:

1. 117.6%
2. 17%
3. 20%
4. 85%