Explicit physics instruction
Temperature is related to average microscopic kinetic energy, while internal energy depends on both microscopic energy and the amount/type of matter.
Heat is energy transferred because of a temperature difference. Conduction, convection, and radiation are transfer mechanisms, not substances stored inside objects.
For temperature change without phase change, q=mcΔT connects transferred energy with mass, specific heat, and temperature change.
Core relation: q=mcΔT; energy conservation across a defined thermal system.
Worked example
Heating 100 g of water by 5°C with c=4.18 J/(g·°C) requires q=100×4.18×5=2090 J.
Guided question
Why can a bathtub and a cup at the same temperature have different internal energies?
Independent work
- Solve three thermal-energy calculations.
- Classify three heat-transfer mechanisms.
- State one system-boundary assumption.
Misconception check
Two objects at the same temperature need not contain the same internal energy; mass and material matter.
Formative check
Which quantity is energy transfer caused by a temperature difference?
Reveal response
Heat.
Mentor evidence conference
Ask Archaemenes to audit signs, units, transfer mechanisms, and system boundaries.
Teacher guidance
Foundation: Use q=mcΔT.
Core: Combine energy calculations with transfer mechanisms.
Extended: Analyze cooling-curve residuals and nonconstant rates.