Explicit physics instruction
Use q=mcΔT; energy conservation across a defined thermal system. Sign depends on whether the chosen system gains or loses energy.
Heating 100 g of water by 5°C with c=4.18 J/(g·°C) requires q=100×4.18×5=2090 J.
Units must match the chosen specific-heat value.
Core relation: q=mcΔT; energy conservation across a defined thermal system.
Worked example
Heating 100 g of water by 5°C with c=4.18 J/(g·°C) requires q=100×4.18×5=2090 J.
Guided question
How much energy changes for 200 g of water cooling 3°C? Use c=4.18 J/(g·°C).
Independent work
- Solve three thermal-energy calculations.
- Classify three heat-transfer mechanisms.
- State one system-boundary assumption.
Misconception check
Two objects at the same temperature need not contain the same internal energy; mass and material matter.
Formative check
Which quantity is energy transfer caused by a temperature difference?
Reveal response
Heat.
Mentor evidence conference
Ask Archaemenes to audit signs, units, transfer mechanisms, and system boundaries.
Teacher guidance
Foundation: Use q=mcΔT.
Core: Combine energy calculations with transfer mechanisms.
Extended: Analyze cooling-curve residuals and nonconstant rates.