Problem 1
T=20+70e^{−1}≈45.75°C.
Faculty use
Newton Cooling and Heating
Reward correct mathematics, explicit units, conditions, and hypotheses, interpretation, and verification. Equivalent valid reasoning should receive credit.
Problem 2
T′>0, so the object warms toward ambient temperature.
Problem 3
Definitions should identify the equation type, dependent and independent variables, parameters, conditions, units or domain, and the hypotheses behind modelling temperature relaxation toward a changing or constant environment. Use the formulas T′=−k(T−T_a); T=T_a+(T₀−T_a)e^{−kt} for constant T_a.
Problem 4
A strong error analysis identifies the first step that violates classification, algebra, theorem hypotheses, units, initial/boundary data, or numerical assumptions; then repairs that step and re-verifies the final result.
Problem 5
Application responses vary. Require defined variables, a compatible differential-equation model connected to thermal systems, tanks and reactors, mechanics, ecology, pharmacology, and electrical circuits, a complete computation, interpretation, and limitations.
Problem 6
Accept two independent checks appropriate to the task: differentiation/substitution, initial or boundary conditions, dimensional analysis, phase-line or stability evidence, residuals, step refinement, conservation/energy checks, data comparison, or a second method.
Scoring guidance
Six problems × 10 points: 5 mathematical accuracy, 2 structure/justification, 2 verification/interpretation, 1 notation and communication.