Problem 1
The component in the λ=2 eigendirection, unless its coefficient is zero.
Faculty use
Matrix Powers, Difference Equations & Long-Term Behavior
Reward correct mathematics, explicit dimensions/hypotheses, interpretation, and verification. Equivalent valid reasoning should receive credit.
Problem 2
Components with |λ|<1 decay, |λ|>1 grow, and |λ|=1 persist or oscillate.
Problem 3
Definitions should identify the vector/matrix/space/transformation, dimensions or domain/codomain, and the hypotheses behind using diagonalization to compute repeated action efficiently. Use the formulas Aᵏ=PDᵏP⁻¹; x_{k+1}=Ax_k.
Problem 4
A strong error analysis identifies the first step that violates a definition, dimension, theorem hypothesis, or matrix-operation rule; then repairs that step and re-verifies the final result.
Problem 5
Application responses vary. Require defined variables, a compatible matrix/vector model connected to long-term dynamics, recurrence models, rotations, stability, vibration, and differential systems, a complete computation, interpretation, and limitations.
Problem 6
Accept two independent checks appropriate to the task: reconstruction, residual, RREF comparison, determinant/rank test, orthogonality, substitution, eigenpair check Av=λv, factorization product, or a second method.
Scoring guidance
Six problems × 10 points: 5 mathematical accuracy, 2 structure/justification, 2 verification/interpretation, 1 notation and communication.