Problem 1
Coefficient is 4/2=2, so projection=(2,2).
Faculty use
Projection onto a Vector or Subspace
Reward correct mathematics, explicit dimensions/hypotheses, interpretation, and verification. Equivalent valid reasoning should receive credit.
Problem 2
v−proj_W v is orthogonal to W.
Problem 3
Definitions should identify the vector/matrix/space/transformation, dimensions or domain/codomain, and the hypotheses behind finding the closest point and orthogonal residual. Use the formulas proj_u v=(v·u/u·u)u; P=A(AᵀA)⁻¹Aᵀ for independent columns.
Problem 4
A strong error analysis identifies the first step that violates a definition, dimension, theorem hypothesis, or matrix-operation rule; then repairs that step and re-verifies the final result.
Problem 5
Application responses vary. Require defined variables, a compatible matrix/vector model connected to data fitting, approximation, signal decomposition, statistics, and numerical stability, a complete computation, interpretation, and limitations.
Problem 6
Accept two independent checks appropriate to the task: reconstruction, residual, RREF comparison, determinant/rank test, orthogonality, substitution, eigenpair check Av=λv, factorization product, or a second method.
Scoring guidance
Six problems × 10 points: 5 mathematical accuracy, 2 structure/justification, 2 verification/interpretation, 1 notation and communication.